A standardized, cumulative index out-of get across-fitness is computed for every blend of maternal forest and you may pollen donor, based on mature fruits put, vegetables germination, and you can survivorship and you will growth of seedlings. Per variety, mixed-design study off difference was used to assess the results away from crossing treatment (fixed impression; that have maternal forest incorporated since the a random effect) towards portion of hand-pollinated herbs form rencontres kink adult fruits, pricing regarding seeds germination and you may seedling survivorship, seedling size on step 1 year, and you may collective fitness. Several designs was basically checked using ANOVA: (a) in addition to every treatments, (b) excluding unbalanced services, to permit research from communications conditions, (c) minus selfing treatment (because maternal trees was indeed mostly otherwise completely notice-incompatible), and you can (d) collection all the in this-Sinharaja outcrossing service to test the end result away from contained in this- vs. between-forest crossing. The outcome from crossing distance on every factor was after that checked out using linear or quadratic regression studies, with regards to the model of the connection. Lastly, for each and every maternal tree, the results away from nearby-neighbor and you may much time-range mating was basically estimated compliment of indicator out-of biparental inbreeding anxiety and outbreeding depression, respectively, considering collective exercise viewpoints.
Syzygium rubicundum
Fruit abortion was heavy for all trees, resulting in low fruit set (range across treatments: 2.0–9.7%; Fig. 2a). The timing of abortion was not discernable across treatments. Self-compatibility was low, but variable, across maternal trees (Fig. 2a). Flowers used for tests of apomixis (N = 360) and autogamy (N = 582) failed to set fruit. All analyses of variance in fruit set revealed a highly significant treatment effect and significant maternal tree effect, but no significant interaction between treatment and maternal tree (Tables 2A and 3A). For all three trees, the percentage of experimental flowers setting mature fruit showed a consistent increase with crossing distance, followed by a severe decline in fruit set with the distant between-forest treatment (Fig. 2a). The relationship between crossing distance and fruit set was nearly identical for the three maternal trees and significant with or without the self-pollinated treatment included in the model (quadratic regression model: arcsine square-root [fruit set] = crossing distance [km] + crossing distance 2 ; results without self-pollinated treatment: F2,57 = 8.25, P < 0.0007, R 2 = 0.47). Peak mean fruit set occurred at a crossing distance of 1–2 km (distant within-forest treatment) and was 1.7–4.7 times greater than mean fruit set rates for other hand-pollination treatments, averaged across maternal trees. Mean fruit set rate for the distant within-forest treatment was significantly greater than those for all treatments except distant-neighbor and open-pollinated, but consistently exceeded fruit set of open-pollinated flowers (Fig. 2a).
Shorea cordifolia
Fruit set was also low for Sh. cordifolia (range across treatments: 0–5.3%; Fig. 2b). Again, the timing of fruit abortion was not discernable among treatments. Selfed and distant between-forest treatments resulted in 0% and <1% fruit set, respectively. Fruit set from the intermediate-distance cross-pollinations varied across maternal trees, but with one exception (nearest-neighbor treatment at Tree number 1) indicated optimal fruit set at an outcrossing range of ?2 km (distant neighbor treatment; Fig. 2b). All analyses of variance in fruit set revealed a highly significant treatment effect, but no maternal tree effect (Tables 2B and 3B). The relationship between crossing distance and fruit set was significant only when the selfed treatment was excluded (quadratic regression model: arcsin square root [fruit set] = crossing distance [km] + crossing distance 2 ; Fdos,57 = 5.71, P < 0.006, R 2 = 0.41). At each maternal tree, fruit set rate for open-pollinated flowers was greater than that for all hand-cross treatments, suggesting that some aspect of the hand-pollination procedure (e.g., flower handling, bagging) caused reduced fruit set in Sh. cordifolia.